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The following list sorts countries by their estimated male to female income ratio according to the Gender Development Index of the United Nations. The ratio is determined by comparing the gross national income per woman with the gross national income per man in 2017. [1] * indicates "Gender inequality in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
Income inequality has fluctuated considerably since measurements began around 1915, declining between peaks in the 1920s and 2007 (CBO data [2]) or 2012 (Piketty, Saez, Zucman data [15]). Inequality steadily increased from around 1979 to 2007, with a small reduction through 2016, [2] [16] [17] followed by an increase from 2016 to 2018. [18]
The persistent gender pay gap leaves women with less income from these sources than men. For example, older women's Social Security benefits are 71% of older men's benefits ($11,057 for women versus $15,557 for men in 2009).
Income ratios include the pre-tax national income share held by top 10% of the population and the ratio of the upper bound value of the ninth decile (i.e. the 10% of people with highest income) to that of the upper bound value of the first decile (the ratio of the average income of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%).
Therefore, a lower Gini score is roughly associated with a more equal distribution of income and vice versa. In 2018 U.S. income inequality as measured by the Gini index was close to the highest recorded values ever. [15] [16] The information was tabulated in 2019 from data from the American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the US Census Bureau.
Countries by Gender Inequality Index (Data from 2019, published in 2020). Red denotes more gender inequality, and green more equality. [1]The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is an index for the measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report 20th anniversary edition by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
To study gender inequality in elementary and middle schools, researchers from NYU and Indiana University used data from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, specifically the 1998 to 1999 and 2010 to 2011 cohorts.
The non-adjusted gender pay gap or gender wage gap is typically the median or mean average difference between the remuneration for all working men and women in the sample chosen. It is usually represented as either a percentage or a ratio of the "difference between average gross hourly [or annual] earnings of male and female employees as % of ...