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The information retrieval community has emphasized the use of test collections and benchmark tasks to measure topical relevance, starting with the Cranfield Experiments of the early 1960s and culminating in the TREC evaluations that continue to this day as the main evaluation framework for information retrieval research.
Indexing and classification methods to assist with information retrieval have a long history dating back to the earliest libraries and collections however systematic evaluation of their effectiveness began in earnest in the 1950s with the rapid expansion in research production across military, government and education and the introduction of computerised catalogues.
The origins of NPS date to a 2003 Harvard Business Review article by Reichheld titled "The One Number You Need To Grow". [3] Reichheld said he found the "would you recommend" question the best predictor of return business and word of mouth marketing, compared to equivalent questions like "How satisfied are you?", "Does this company deserve your loyalty?", and "Do you intend to return?".
A closed-ended question is any question for which a researcher provides research participants with options from which to choose a response. [1] Closed-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement that requires a response. A closed-ended question contrasts with an open-ended question, which cannot easily be answered with specific ...
[55] [56] These methods are best suited to situations where there is known data on an item (name, location, description, etc.), but not on the user. Content-based recommenders treat recommendation as a user-specific classification problem and learn a classifier for the user's likes and dislikes based on an item's features.
Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions. These biases are prevalent in research involving participant self-report, such as structured interviews or surveys. [1] Response biases can have a large impact on the validity of questionnaires or surveys. [1] [2]
Questions affected by acquiescence bias take the following format: a stimulus in the form of a statement is presented, followed by 'agree/disagree,' 'yes/no' or 'true/false' response options. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] For example, a respondent might be presented with the statement "gardening makes me feel happy," and would then be expected to select either ...
Beyond eliciting known information (on the asker's part) and recognizing the content of questions (on the askee's part), answering display questions also involves active consideration and interpretation of the way the questions are organised as each display question is designed with a specific answer in mind. [21] Questions that require lower ...