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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene.PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral glands in women.
Prostate cancer staging is the process by which physicians categorize the risk of cancer having spread beyond the prostate, or equivalently, the probability of being cured with local therapies such as surgery or radiation. Once patients are placed in prognostic categories, this information can contribute to the selection of an optimal approach ...
A histopathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer is the discernment of whether there is a cancer in the prostate, as well as specifying any subdiagnosis of prostate cancer if possible. The histopathologic subdiagnosis of prostate cancer has implications for the possibility and methodology of any subsequent Gleason scoring . [ 1 ]
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Similar findings have been reported for colorectal cancer as well. [22] [23] There are two types of circulating tumor cell cluster, one that consists of cancer cells only is termed homotypic. A CTC cluster that also incorporates other cells including white blood cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and platelets, is termed heterotypic. [24]
The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the interval between which 95% of values of a reference population fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values.
Conversely, lower doses of spironolactone (<75 mg/day) were not associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (HR = 0.99). [68] Levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were assessed and were found to be significantly lower in spironolactone-treated men. [68]
[45] [46] Moreover, the lifetime incidence of breast cancer in men is approximately 0.1%, [47] the average age of diagnosis of prostate cancer and male breast cancer are similar (around 70 years), [10] [48] and millions of men have been treated with bicalutamide for prostate cancer, [49] all of which are potentially in support of the notion of ...
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