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The drug does not cause an individual to become unconscious, merely to be sedated. [12] It is also useful for the treatment of prolonged (lasting over five minutes) seizures. [14] Midazolam can be given by mouth, intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by spraying into the nose, or through the cheek.
Usual doses for midazolam are 1 mg to 2 mg where the older people receive smaller doses and obese people receive higher doses. Midazolam is metabolized in the liver and is excreted through the kidneys. [9] When midazolam is used alone, it has few side effects, but can cause respiratory depression if being used together with fentanyl. [8]
Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time, as well as its water solubility, which reduces pain upon injection. Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used. Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect.
"Time to peak" refers to when maximum levels of the drug in the blood occur after a given dose. Benzodiazepines generally share the same pharmacological properties, such as anxiolytic , sedative , hypnotic , skeletal muscle relaxant , amnesic , and anticonvulsant effects.
However, a randomized controlled trial from 2021 demonstrated that clonidine is less effective at providing anxiolysis and more sedative in children of preschool age. Oral clonidine can take up to 45 minutes to take full effect, [ 25 ] The drawbacks of clonidine include hypotension and bradycardia , but these can be advantageous in patients ...
Other intravenous anesthetic drugs such as midazolam or propofol may be used. [1] [2] Drug-induced comas are used to protect the brain during major neurosurgery, as a last line of treatment in certain cases of status epilepticus that have not responded to other treatments, [2] and in refractory intracranial hypertension following traumatic ...
Anna Magnuson’s twin daughters have different ways of approaching ballet class. One usually runs into the studio first and boldly performs a series of pliés to capture the teacher’s attention.
First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.