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In addition to S(2,3,9), Kramer and Mesner examined other systems that could be derived from S(5,6,12) and found that there could be up to 2 disjoint S(5,6,12) systems, up to 2 disjoint S(4,5,11) systems, and up to 5 disjoint S(3,4,10) systems. All such sets of 2 or 5 are respectively isomorphic to each other.
Across the high school years, crowd significance as a basis for affiliation wanes, [19] as does the influence of crowds on an individual's behavior. [1] In fact, some studies [20] indicate that the importance of crowds peaks at age 12 or 13. By the end of high school, adolescents often feel constrained by impersonal, crowd-derived identities. [21]
Crowd ranking can sometimes change but is generally quite stable across time and schools. [3]: p.162 Part of a clique's popularity status is based on the crowd with which its members associate, thus similarly popular cliques within the same crowd are more likely to move within the hierarchy than are similar crowds within the larger peer context.
But not all activities seemed to suffer when students had long journeys to and from school. Students who had commute times of 30 minutes or more reported spending more time studying than those ...
Arizona is the first and only state in the nation to incentivize an increase in the number of instructional days for school districts from the minimum required 180 days to 200. The state offers an increase of the base level funding by five percent for school districts that do choose to add 20 days to their school year. [23]
[4] [5] In 2006, Massachusetts 2020 worked with state leaders in Massachusetts to spearhead the Massachusetts Expanded Learning Time Initiative, the first-in-the-nation statewide initiative to expand the school day. In 2010–2011, 19 schools in 10 school districts will have schedules increase learning time by 300 hours across the school year.
Despite evidence of benefit to students, as of 2019 less than 20% of US high schools and middle schools start the school day at 8:30 am or later. In October 2019, the state of California passed a law (California Bill 328) mandating that middle schools begin the day no earlier than 8 am, and high schools no earlier than 8:30 am. [13]
Year-round school is the practice of having students attend school without the traditional summer vacation, which is believed to have been made necessary by agricultural practices in the past, the agrarian school calendar consisted of a short winter and a short summer could help with planting in the spring and harvest in the fall. In cities ...