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  2. Factory (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(object-oriented...

    For example, in Python, the collections.defaultdict class [7] has a constructor which creates an object of type defaultdict [d] whose default values are produced by invoking a factory. The factory is passed as an argument to the constructor, and can be a constructor, or any thing that behaves like a constructor – a callable object that ...

  3. Multimap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimap

    Python provides a collections.defaultdict class that can be used to create a multimap. The user can instantiate the class as collections.defaultdict(list) . OCaml

  4. Autovivification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autovivification

    Python's built-in dict class can be subclassed to implement autovivificious dictionaries simply by overriding the __missing__() method that was added to the class in Python v2.5. [5] There are other ways of implementing the behavior, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] but the following is one of the simplest and instances of the class print just like normal Python ...

  5. Collection (abstract data type) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_(abstract_data...

    In computer programming, a collection is an abstract data type that is a grouping of items that can be used in a polymorphic way. Often, the items are of the same data type such as int or string . Sometimes the items derive from a common type; even deriving from the most general type of a programming language such as object or variant .

  6. Factory method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern

    In ADO.NET, IDbCommand.CreateParameter is an example of the use of factory method to connect parallel class hierarchies. In Qt , QMainWindow::createPopupMenu Archived 2015-07-19 at the Wayback Machine is a factory method declared in a framework that can be overridden in application code .

  7. Observer pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_pattern

    While the library classes java.util.Observer and java.util.Observable exist, they have been deprecated in Java 9 because the model implemented was quite limited. Below is an example written in Java that takes keyboard input and handles each input line as an event.

  8. Visitor pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern

    The following example is in the language Java, and shows how the contents of a tree of nodes (in this case describing the components of a car) can be printed. Instead of creating print methods for each node subclass ( Wheel , Engine , Body , and Car ), one visitor class ( CarElementPrintVisitor ) performs the required printing action.

  9. Singleton pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern

    A class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern.. In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance.