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Water activity values can also help limit moisture migration within a food product made with different ingredients. If raisins of a higher water activity are packaged with bran flakes of a lower water activity, the water from the raisins migrates to the bran flakes over time, making the raisins hard and the bran flakes soggy.
A typical water meter register showing a meter reading of 8.3 gallons. Notice the black "1" on the odometer has not yet fully turned over, so only the red hand is read. Water meters connected to remote reading devices through three-wire cables. There are several types of registers on water meters.
An electrical conductivity meter. An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. [1] It has multiple applications in research and engineering, with common usage in hydroponics, aquaculture, aquaponics, and freshwater systems to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.
A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. [2] The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter".
A calibration curve plot showing limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), dynamic range, and limit of linearity (LOL).. In analytical chemistry, a calibration curve, also known as a standard curve, is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration. [1]
Most water baths have a digital or an analogue interface to allow users to set a desired temperature, but some water baths have their temperature controlled by a current passing through a reader. Uses include warming of reagents , melting of substrates , determination of boiling point , or incubation of cell cultures.
Oscilloscope OL-1 from 1954, the company's first with a relatively small 3-inch CRT which allowed for a highly competitive price of US$ 29.50 (equivalent to $335 in 2023) for the DIY kit. [1] Heathkit is the brand name of kits and other electronic products produced and marketed by the Heath Company.
ATP is a molecule found only in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through its reaction with the naturally-occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using a luminometer.