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Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Toughened glass is processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. [6] Tempering, by design, creates balanced internal stresses which causes the glass sheet, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks of similar size and shape instead of splintering into random, jagged shards.
S-glass has a strength of 700,000 pounds per square inch (4,800 MPa) while E-glass and C-glass have a strength of 500,000 pounds per square inch (3,400 MPa). [ 9 ] Hardness
Also unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. Another negative of chemically strengthened glass is the added cost.
The glass floats on the tin, and levels out as it spreads along the bath, giving a smooth face to both sides. The glass cools and slowly solidifies as it travels over the molten tin and leaves the tin bath in a continuous ribbon. The glass is then annealed by cooling in an oven called a lehr. The finished product has near-perfect parallel surfaces.
Baking in glass can also lead to uneven cooking—things like brownies can get overly browned, dried out, or burnt on the sides and edges before the inside cooks through.
Glass is an essential component of tableware and is typically used for water, beer and wine drinking glasses. [51] Wine glasses are typically stemware, i.e. goblets formed from a bowl, stem, and foot. Crystal or Lead crystal glass may be cut and polished to produce decorative drinking glasses with gleaming facets.
Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such as turbine engine fan blades, and it is used in toughened glass to allow for large, thin, crack- and scratch-resistant glass displays on smartphones.