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In economics, the field of public finance deals with three broad areas: macroeconomic stabilization, the distribution of income and wealth, and the allocation of resources. . Much of the study of the allocation of resources is devoted to finding the conditions under which particular mechanisms of resource allocation lead to Pareto efficient outcomes, in which no party's situation can be ...
Goods that require locally abundant inputs are cheaper to produce than those goods that require locally scarce inputs. For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce has a comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor — such as grains.
In economics, gains from trade are the net benefits to economic agents from being allowed an increase in voluntary trading with each other. In technical terms, they are the increase of consumer surplus [ 1 ] plus producer surplus [ 2 ] from lower tariffs [ 3 ] or otherwise liberalizing trade .
At this point, the net social benefit is maximized, meaning this is the allocative efficient outcome. When a market fails to allocate resources efficiently, there is said to be market failure. Market failure may occur because of imperfect knowledge, differentiated goods, concentrated market power (e.g., monopoly or oligopoly), or externalities.
In economics, general equilibrium theory attempts to explain the behavior of supply, demand, and prices in a whole economy with several or many interacting markets, by seeking to prove that the interaction of demand and supply will result in an overall general equilibrium.
Availability of parallel components = 1 - (1 - X)^ N 10 hosts, each having 50% availability. But if they are used in parallel and fail independently, they can provide high availability. So for example if each of your components has only 50% availability, by using 10 of components in parallel, you can achieve 99.9023% availability.
In microeconomics, economic efficiency, depending on the context, is usually one of the following two related concepts: [1] Allocative or Pareto efficiency : any changes made to assist one person would harm another.
In the former Soviet Union during the 1980s, prices were artificially low by fiat (i.e., high prices were outlawed). [10] [11] Soviet citizens waited in line for various price-controlled goods and services such as cars, apartments, or some types of clothing. From the point of view of those waiting in line, such goods were in perpetual "short ...