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A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. Often, the concept of half reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell, such as a Galvanic cell battery. Half reactions can be written to describe both the metal undergoing oxidation (known ...
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons during chemical reactions, in contrast to metals which tend to donate electrons. This behavior is related to the stability of electron configurations in the noble gases, which have complete outer shells as summarized by the duet and octet rules of thumb, more correctly explained in terms of valence bond theory .
The chemical elements can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties.All elemental metals have a shiny appearance (at least when freshly polished); are good conductors of heat and electricity; form alloys with other metallic elements; and have at least one basic oxide.
[37]: 104 It can be made by the reaction of gallium with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) at 950 °C. [33]: 162 Alternatively, Ga(OH) 3 can be used at 747 °C: [38] 2 Ga(OH) 3 + 3 H 2 S → Ga 2 S 3 + 6 H 2 O. Reacting a mixture of alkali metal carbonates and Ga 2 O 3 with H 2 S leads to the formation of thiogallates containing the [Ga 2 S 4] 2− anion.
It is a metalloid or a nonmetal in the carbon group that is chemically similar to silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was found comparatively late in the discovery of the elements.
The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly, eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate, Zn 5 (OH) 6 (CO 3) 2, by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. [50] Zinc burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of zinc oxide. [51] Zinc reacts readily with acids, alkalis and other non ...
A metalloid is an element that possesses a preponderance of properties in between, or that are a mixture of, those of metals and nonmetals, and which is therefore hard to classify as either a metal or a nonmetal. This is a generic definition that draws on metalloid attributes consistently cited in the literature.
Electrolytic metal refining is particularly productive of selenium as a byproduct, obtained from the anode mud of copper refineries. Another source was the mud from the lead chambers of sulfuric acid plants, a process that is no longer used.