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Air entrainment in concrete is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in a batch by adding an air entraining agent during mixing. A form of surfactant (a surface-active substance that in the instance reduces the surface tension between water and solids) it allows bubbles of a desired size to form.
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Therefore, when concreting at cold temperature cannot be avoided, it is essential to have a minimum curing time at a temperature sufficiently above the freezing point of the concrete pore water, so that the early strength of concrete is high enough to resist the inner tensile stress caused by water freezing. [5]
If the surface of the concrete pour is insulated from the outside temperatures, the heat of hydration will prevent freezing. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) definition of cold weather placement, ACI 306, [129] is: A period when for more than three successive days the average daily air temperature drops below 40 °F (~ 4.5 °C), and
Cross section of a ground freezing pipe as used in the Big Dig. Ground freezing is a construction technique used in circumstances where soil needs to be stabilized so it will not collapse next to excavations, or to prevent contaminants spilled into soil from being leached away. [1] Ground freezing has been used for at least one hundred years.
Short title: Thermal expansion of concrete aggregate materials: Author: Johnson, W.H.; Parsons, W.H. Software used: Adobe Acrobat 9.0: Conversion program
ATY – 3D Topicscape file, produced when an association type is exported; used to permit round-trip (export Topicscape, change files and folders as desired, re-import to 3D Topicscape) CAG (file format) – Linear Reference System; FES (file format) – 3D Topicscape file, produced when a fileless occurrence in 3D Topicscape is exported to ...