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  2. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms ...

  3. Partial charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_charge

    In atomic physics, a partial charge (or net atomic charge) is a non-integer charge value when measured in elementary charge units. It is represented by the Greek lowercase delta (𝛿), namely 𝛿− or 𝛿+. Partial charges are created due to the asymmetric distribution of electrons in chemical bonds.

  4. Charge number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number

    A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table. An element's placement on the periodic table indicates whether its chemical charge is negative or positive. Looking at the table, one can see that the positive charges are on the left side of the table and the negative charges are on the right side of the table.

  5. Electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment

    Note that this sign convention is used in physics, while the opposite sign convention for the dipole, from the positive charge to the negative charge, is used in chemistry. [1] An idealization of this two-charge system is the electrical point dipole consisting of two (infinite) charges only infinitesimally separated, but with a finite p.

  6. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    Two charges are present with a negative charge in the middle (red shade), and a positive charge at the ends (blue shade). In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.

  7. Hammett equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation

    0<ρ<1, the reaction is less sensitive to substituents than benzoic acid and negative charge is built (or positive charge is lost). ρ=0, no sensitivity to substituents, and no charge is built or lost. ρ<0, the reaction builds positive charge (or loses negative charge). These relations can be exploited to elucidate the mechanism of a reaction.

  8. Effective nuclear charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge

    In atomic physics, the effective nuclear charge of an electron in a multi-electron atom or ion is the number of elementary charges an electron experiences by the nucleus. It is denoted by Z eff . The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevent higher energy electrons from experiencing the full ...

  9. Madelung constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung_constant

    The electrical charge of the Na + and Cl − ion are assumed to be onefold positive and negative, respectively, z Na = 1 and z Cl = –1. The nearest neighbour distance amounts to half the lattice constant of the cubic unit cell r 0 = a 2 {\displaystyle r_{0}={\tfrac {a}{2}}} and the Madelung constants become