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Gene therapy may be classified into two types by the type of cell it affects: somatic cell and germline gene therapy. In somatic cell gene therapy (SCGT), the therapeutic genes are transferred into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell.
The safety of gene therapy treatment is of utmost concern, especially during clinical trials when off-target modifications can block the further development of a candidate product. [57] Perhaps the most well-known example of modern gene therapy is CAR-T therapy, which is used for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma .
The therapy known as Casgevy [9] works through editing a dysfunctional protein that interferes with creation of adult hemoglobin. This gene is known as the BCL11A, and when people have Beta thalassemia, their bodies do not make enough adult hemoglobin. Casgevy uses precise gene editing of stem cells, and reduces the activity of BCL11A.
Alipogene tiparvovec (Glybera): AAV-based treatment for lipoprotein lipase deficiency (no longer commercially available); Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta): treatment for large B-cell lymphoma [1]
The success of gene therapy depends on the efficient insertion of therapeutic genes at an appropriate chromosomal target site within the human genome, without causing cell injury, oncogenic mutations, or an immune response. The construction of plasmid vectors is simple and straightforward.
A chimeric mouse gene targeted for the agouti coat color gene, with its offspring. Gene targeting is a biotechnological tool used to change the DNA sequence of an organism (hence it is a form of Genome Editing). It is based on the natural DNA-repair mechanism of Homology Directed Repair (HDR), including Homologous Recombination. Gene targeting ...
With the discovery of various types of immune-related disorders, there is a need for diversification in prevention and treatment. Developments in the field of gene therapy are being studied to be included in the scope of this treatment, but of course more research is needed to increase the positive results and minimize the negative effects of gene therapy applications. [27]
The gene to be inserted must be combined with other genetic elements in order for it to work properly. The gene can be modified at this stage for better expression or effectiveness. As well as the gene to be inserted most constructs contain a promoter and terminator region as well as a selectable marker gene.