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An edible vaccine is a food, typically plants, that contain vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. [1] Once the plant, fruit, or plant derived product is ingested orally, it stimulates the immune system. [1] Specifically, it stimulates both the mucosal and humoral immune systems. [2]
Vaccines are not injected intravenously into the bloodstream. Most injections deposit a small dose into a muscle, but some are given superficially just under the skin surface or deeper beneath the skin. [1] Fluenz Tetra, a live flu vaccine for children, is administered nasally with 0.1ml of liquid sprayed into each nostril.
The human vaccine development process generally takes 10 to 15 years, whereas the animal vaccine process only takes an average 5 to 7 years to produce. [23] Albeit, the ability to prioritise potential vaccine targets and the use of studies to test safety is less in the animal vaccine production compared to human vaccines.
Myotonic goats have a wide body and a heavier mass. [13] The muscle condition of the myotonic goats usually leads to an increased muscle mass with a broader build. [13] Slightly smaller than standard breeds of the goat, fainting goats are generally 43 cm (17 in) to 64 cm (25 in) tall and can weigh anywhere from 27 kg (60 lb) to 79 kg (174 lb).
Food allergies affect up to 10% of the worldwide population, and they are currently more prevalent in children (~8%) than adults (~5) in western nations. [34] In several industrialized countries, food allergies affect up to 10% of children. [93] Children are most commonly allergic to cow's milk, chicken eggs, peanuts, and tree nuts. [21]
Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response. The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses. Allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to substances that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response.
Shellfish allergies are highly cross reactive, but its prevalence is much higher than that of fish allergy. Shellfish allergy is the leading cause of food allergy in U.S adults. [31] As of 2018 six allergens have been identified to prawn alone; along with crab, it is the major culprit of seafood anaphylaxis. [13]
In the United States, it is the second most common food allergy in children after cow's milk. Most children outgrow egg allergy by the age of five, but some people remain allergic for a lifetime. [19] [20] In North America and Western Europe, egg allergy occurs in 0.5% to 2.5% of children under the age of five years.