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A solved game is a game whose outcome (win, lose or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly.This concept is usually applied to abstract strategy games, and especially to games with full information and no element of chance; solving such a game may use combinatorial game theory or computer assistance.
Diagram showing optimal strategy for tic-tac-toe.With perfect play, and from any initial move, both players can always force a draw. In combinatorial game theory, a two-player deterministic perfect information turn-based game is a first-player-win if with perfect play the first player to move can always force a win.
Tic-tac-toe A completed game of tic-tac-toe Other names Noughts and Crosses Xs and Os Genres Paper-and-pencil game Players 2 Setup time Minimal Playing time ~1 minute Chance None Skills Strategy, tactics, observation Tic-tac-toe (American English), noughts and crosses (Commonwealth English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns ...
This article covers computer software designed to solve, or assist people in creating or solving, chess problems – puzzles in which pieces are laid out as in a game of chess, and may at times be based upon real games of chess that have been played and recorded, but whose aim is to challenge the problemist to find a solution to the posed situation, within the rules of chess, rather than to ...
The history of chess puzzles reaches back to the Middle Ages and has since evolved. Usually the goal is to find the single best, ideally aesthetic move or a series of single best moves in a chess position, that was created by a composer or is from a real game. But puzzles can also set different objectives.
Combinatorial games include well-known games such as chess, checkers, and Go, which are regarded as non-trivial, and tic-tac-toe, which is considered trivial, in the sense of being "easy to solve". Some combinatorial games may also have an unbounded playing area, such as infinite chess .
The rating of best Go-playing programs on the KGS server since 2007. Since 2006, all the best programs use Monte Carlo tree search. [14]In 2006, inspired by its predecessors, [15] Rémi Coulom described the application of the Monte Carlo method to game-tree search and coined the name Monte Carlo tree search, [16] L. Kocsis and Cs.
The first two plies of the game tree for tic-tac-toe. The diagram shows the first two levels, or plies, in the game tree for tic-tac-toe. The rotations and reflections of positions are equivalent, so the first player has three choices of move: in the center, at the edge, or in the corner.