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Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, also known as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, is a contagious eye infection, a type of adenovirus disease caused by adenoviruses. [1] It typically presents as a conjunctivitis with a sudden onset of a painful red eye, watery discharge and feeling that something is in the eye. [ 3 ]
Keratoconjunctivitis is a term used to describe inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, front part of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the thin, transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye and lining the inside of the eyelids). This condition can have various causes, and its presentation may vary depending on the underlying factors.
Nummular Keratitis, a feature of the chronic phase of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Nummular keratitis is a feature of viral keratoconjunctivitis.It is a common feature of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis (an ocular adenovirus infection), [1] as well as approximately 1/3rd of cases of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus infections.
Adenovirus infection can also cause adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. [2] Typically one eye is affected after an incubation period of up to a week. [ 2 ] The eye becomes itchy, painful, burning and reddish and lymphadenopathy may be felt by the ear nearest the affected eye. [ 2 ]
There are three main viruses that have been studied and confirmed as the agents responsible for AHC, including enterovirus 70, coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) and adenovirus 11. AHC can only exist in a human host and is transmitted through human contact with an infected individual or object, such as a towel used by an infected person.
Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-36) or Ad-36 or Adv36 is one of 52 types of adenoviruses known to infect humans. AD-36, first isolated in 1978 from the feces of a girl suffering from diabetes and enteritis, [ 1 ] has long been recognized as a cause of respiratory and eye infections in humans. [ 2 ]
Equine adenovirus 1 can also cause fatal disease in immunocompromised Arabian foals, involving pneumonia and destruction of pancreatic and salivary gland tissue. [31] Tupaia adenovirus (TAV) (tree shrew adenovirus 1) has been isolated from tree shrews. Otarine adenovirus 1 has been isolated from sea lions (Zalophus californianus). [32]
Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is an inflammatory syndrome caused by a delayed (aka type-IV) hypersensitivity reaction to one or more antigens. The triggering antigen is usually a bacterial protein (particularly from Staphylococcus aureus ), but may also be a virus, fungus (particularly Candida albicans ), or nematode .