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There is no standard medical or surgical treatment for acrocyanosis, and treatment, other than reassurance and avoidance of cold, is usually unnecessary. The patient is reassured that no serious illness is present. A sympathectomy would alleviate the cyanosis by disrupting the fibers of the sympathetic nervous system to the area. [3]
Other symptoms Respiratory symptoms: May be present in patients with M pneumoniae infection. Hemoglobinuria (the passage of dark urine that contains hemoglobin), A rare symptom that results from hemolysis, this may be reported following prolonged exposure to cold, hemoglobinuria is more commonly seen in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.
Phenazopyridine is prescribed for its local analgesic effects on the urinary tract. It is sometimes used in conjunction with an antibiotic (usually norfloxacin) or other anti-infective medication at the beginning of treatment to help provide immediate symptomatic relief. Phenazopyridine does not treat infections or injury; it is only used for ...
Infection caused by C. violaceum is rare, therefore there are no clinical trials evaluating different treatments. Antibiotics that have been used to successfully treat C. violaceum include pefloxacin, [4] ciprofloxacin, amikacin, [1] and co-trimoxazole. [18] Other antibiotics that appear to be effective in vitro include chloramphenicol and ...
Secondary cold agglutinin syndrome occurs when autoantibodies bind to red blood cells, rendering them subject to attack by the complement system. [17] It is a result of an underlying condition potentially associated with either monoclonal cold-reacting autoantibodies or polyclonal cold-reacting autoantibodies [16] predominantly caused by infection or lymphoproliferative disorders. [16]
Cyanosis is the change of body tissue color to a bluish-purple hue, as a result of decrease in the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the capillary bed. [1]
The treatment of choice is penicillin, and the duration of treatment is around 10 days. [23] Antibiotic therapy (using injected penicillin) has been shown to reduce the risk of acute rheumatic fever. [24] In individuals with a penicillin allergy, erythromycin, other macrolides, and cephalosporins have been shown to be effective treatments. [25]
One of C. amycolatum's characteristic traits is its resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Various strains tested have shown resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, lincosamides, macrolides, and quinolones. Multiple drug-resistant strains were mainly isolated from wounds of patients treated in departments of general surgery and vascular ...