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Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Fromkin, David (2009). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8809-0. Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books.
The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical, cultural, and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the war led to the domination of the Middle East by Western powers such as Britain and France, and saw the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
Montenegro (nominal vassal of Ottoman Empire) 1878 San Stefano: Russian Empire 1878 Berlin (1878) Russian Empire 1878 Cyprus: United Kingdom 1881 Convention of Constantinople: Greece 1886 Tophane: Bulgaria: 1897 Constantinople (1897) Greece 1911 Daane: Yemen: 1912 Ouchy: Italy 1913 London (1913) Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria ...
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The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0714641545. Macfie, A. L. The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (1998). Massie, Robert (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War. Random House. ISBN 0-224-04092-8. Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing.
The subsequent Treaty of Paris (1856) secured Ottoman control over the Balkan Peninsula and the Black Sea basin. That lasted until defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The Ottoman Empire took its first foreign loans on 4 August 1854, [65] shortly after the beginning of the Crimean War. [66] Turkish refugees from Bulgaria, 1877.
Treaty of Hunkar Iskelesi Russia helped Ottoman empire against Egyptian threat and confirmed its protection. 1838: Anglo-Ottoman Treaty opens the empire to free trade of European powers. 1839: Tanzimat period. 1853: October 4: Crimean War: The Crimean War with Russia begins, with Britain, France and Sardinia joining on the Ottoman side. 1860 ...
Treaty of Buchach: Ottoman Empire gains Podolia and parts of Central Ukraine. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is turned into a fief of the Ottoman Empire for 4 years; Treaty of Żurawno: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth regains Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch [143] 1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War: Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate: Tsardom of Russia ...