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As a supplement it is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia. [1] [2] Other uses include treatment for cyanide poisoning, Leber's optic atrophy, and toxic amblyopia. [3] [4] It is given by injection into a muscle or vein, [2] by pill or sublingually. Side effects are generally few. [2]
[268] [269] [7] Vitamin B12 deficiency in turn has been associated with depression, anxiety, irritability, and fatigue due to depletion of central monoamine neurotransmitters. [270] [271] For this reason, it has been suggested that low vitamin B12 levels might be involved in the side effect of depression that has sometimes been associated with ...
Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestin medication used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as acne, excessive body hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender individuals ...
"B12" and "Cbl" redirect here. For other uses of B12, see B12 (disambiguation). For the musical group, see Carbon Based Lifeforms. Pharmaceutical compound Vitamin B12 General skeletal formula of cobalamins Stick model of cyanocobalamin (R = CN) based on the crystal structure Clinical data Other names Vitamin B12, vitamin B-12, cobalamin AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a605007 License ...
It works as a form of birth control by preventing ovulation. [10] MPA was discovered in 1956 and was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1959. [14] [15] [10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [16] MPA is the most widely used progestin in menopausal hormone therapy and in progestogen-only birth ...
Birth control pills come in a variety of formulations. The main division is between combined oral contraceptive pills, containing both estrogens and synthetic progestogens , and progestogen only pills. Combined oral contraceptive pills also come in varying types, including varying doses of estrogen, and whether the dose of estrogen or ...
However, typical use of combined oral contraceptive pills by users often consists of timing errors, forgotten pills, or unwanted side effects. With typical use, the estimated risk of getting pregnant is about 9% which means that about 9 in 100 women on combined oral contraceptive pills will become pregnant in one year. [41]
[17] [4] However, it is thought that the antiandrogenic activity of CPA may only be significant at higher doses than are present in birth control pills. [4] [19] Both EE and CPA have antigonadotropic effects and act as contraceptives in women by suppressing ovulation. [17]
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