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A key iodine(III) enolate intermediate forms, which then undergoes either nucleophilic substitution (α-functionalization), elimination (dehydrogenation), or rearrangement. Common hypervalent iodine reagents used to effect these transformations include iodosylbenzene (PhIO), [1] Koser's reagent (PhI(OTs)OH), [1] and (dichloroiodo)benzene (PhICl ...
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives. It reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis. [3] It is a precursor to diphenylmethanimine via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by methanolysis.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation: alkylbenzenes can be synthesized from olefins or alkyl halides with aromatic compounds in the presence of a catalyst such as AlCl 3, HF, or H 2 SO 4. [ 4 ] Gattermann-Koch reaction : named after German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch , the Gattermann-Koch reaction is a catalyzed formylation of ...
In instructional laboratories, [5] acetophenone is converted to styrene in a two-step process that illustrates the reduction of carbonyls using sodium borohydride and the dehydration of alcohols: 4 C 6 H 5 C(O)CH 3 + NaBH 4 + 4 H 2 O → 4 C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CH 3 + NaOH + B(OH) 3 C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CH 3 → C 6 H 5 CH=CH 2 + H 2 O
A second family of Cr(VI) reagents are salts, featuring the pyridinium cation (C 5 H 5 NH +). pyridinium dichromate (PDC) is the pyridium salt of dichromate, [Cr 2 O 7] 2-. pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is the pyridinium salt of [CrO 3 Cl] −. These salts are less reactive, more easily handled, and more selective than Collins reagent in ...
5 c 6 h 5 ch 3 + 6 kmno 4 + 9 h 2 so 4 → 5 c 6 h 5 cooh + 14 h 2 o + 3 k 2 so 4 + 6 mnso 4 Glycols and polyols are highly reactive toward KMnO 4 . For example, addition of potassium permanganate to an aqueous solution of sugar and sodium hydroxide produces the chemical chameleon reaction, which involves dramatic color changes associated with ...
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.
2 C 6 H 5 CHO + KOH → C 6 H 5 CH 2 OH + C 6 H 5 COOK. The process is a redox reaction involving transfer of a hydride from one substrate molecule to the other: one aldehyde is oxidized to form the acid, the other is reduced to form the alcohol. [3]