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  2. Literal translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation

    Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).

  3. Sense-for-sense translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation

    In 1981, Peter Newmark referred to translation as either semantic (word-for-word) or communicative (sense-for-sense). [19] He stated that semantic translation is one that is source language bias, literal and faithful to the source text and communicative translation is target language bias, free and idiomatic. [20]

  4. Semantic equivalence (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_equivalence...

    In semantics, the best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text.

  5. The Interpretive Theory of Translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interpretive_Theory_of...

    The Interpretive Theory of Translation [1] (ITT) is a concept from the field of Translation Studies.It was established in the 1970s by Danica Seleskovitch, a French translation scholar and former Head of the Paris School of Interpreters and Translators (Ecole Supérieure d’Interprètes et de Traducteurs (ESIT), Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle).

  6. Interlinear gloss - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinear_gloss

    a free translation, which may be placed in a separate paragraph or on the facing page if the structures of the languages are too different for it to follow the text line by line. As an example, the following Taiwanese Minnan clause has been transcribed with five lines of text: 1. the standard pe̍h-ōe-jī transliteration,

  7. Metaphrase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphrase

    Metaphrase is a term referring to literal translation, i.e., "word by word and line by line" [1] translation. In everyday usage, metaphrase means literalism; however, metaphrase is also the translation of poetry into prose. [2] Unlike "paraphrase," which has an ordinary use in literature theory, the term "metaphrase" is only used in translation ...

  8. Transcreation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcreation

    Transcreation is thus a variation on the "imitation" or "adaptation" approach to translation. [20] Similarly, viewed in terms of the continuum between free translation and literal translation, transcreation is considered to be "closest to 'free' on the literal – free cline." [21]

  9. Bible version debate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_version_debate

    A literal translation tries to remain as close to the original text as possible, without adding the translators' ideas and thoughts into the translation. Thus, the argument goes, the more literal the translation is, the less danger there is of corrupting the original message. This is therefore much more of a word-for-word view of translation.

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