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To facilitate this on lower cost receivers, a new civilian code signal on L2, called L2C, was added to the Block IIR-M satellites, which was first launched in 2005. It allows a direct comparison of the L1 and L2 signals using the coded signal instead of the carrier wave.
In nautical navigation the relative bearing of an object is the clockwise angle from the heading of the vessel to a straight line drawn from the observation station on the vessel to the object. The relative bearing is measured with a pelorus or other optical and electronic aids to navigation such as a periscope , sonar system , and radar systems .
Two PRN ranging codes are transmitted on L5 in quadrature: the in-phase code (called I5-code) and the quadrature-phase code (called Q5-code). Both codes are 10,230 chips long, transmitted at 10.23 Mchip/s (1 ms repetition period), and are generated identically (differing only in initial states).
9, 10 - Effects of crosswind and tidal current, causing the vessel's track to differ from its heading. A, B - Vessel's track. TVMDC,AW is a mnemonic for converting from true heading, to magnetic and compass headings. TVMDC is a mnemonic initialism for true heading, variation, magnetic heading, deviation, compass heading, add westerly. The most ...
Like the other new GPS signals, M-code is dependent on OCX—specifically Block 2—which was scheduled to enter service in October 2016, [42] [46] but which was delayed until 2022, [47] and that initial date did not reflect the two year first satellite launch delays expected by the GAO. [48] [49] Other M-code characteristics are:
Coarse-acquisition (C/A) and encrypted precision (P(Y)) codes, plus the L1 civilian and military (M) codes on Block III and newer satellites. L2: 1227.60 MHz: P(Y) code, plus the L2C and military codes on the Block IIR-M and newer satellites. L3: 1381.05 MHz: Used for nuclear detonation (NUDET) detection. L4: 1379.913 MHz
An AIS-equipped system on board a ship presents the bearing and distance of nearby vessels in a radar-like display format. A graphical display of AIS data on board a ship. The automatic identification system ( AIS ) is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships and is used by vessel traffic services (VTS).
By comparing the fix and the estimated position corrections are made to the aircraft's heading and groundspeed. Dead reckoning is on the curriculum for VFR (visual flight rules – or basic level) pilots worldwide. [10] It is taught regardless of whether the aircraft has navigation aids such as GPS, ADF and VOR and is an ICAO Requirement. Many ...