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Standard solutions are generally prepared by dissolving a solute of known mass into a solvent to a precise volume, or by diluting a solution of known concentration with more solvent. [1] A standard solution ideally has a high degree of purity and is stable enough that the concentration can be accurately measured after a long shelf time. [2]
In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team. [16]
The general expression Qualitative Analysis [...] refers to analyses in which substances are identified or classified on the basis of their chemical or physical properties, such as chemical reactivity, solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radioactivity properties (emission, absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life, etc. Quantitative Analysis refers to analyses in which the amount ...
Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms. Equivalence point is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in polyprotic acids).
The late 20th century also saw an expansion of the application of analytical chemistry from somewhat academic chemical questions to forensic, environmental, industrial and medical questions, such as in histology. [7] Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis. Many analytical chemists focus on a single type of instrument.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (8th ed.). Gunt Hamburg, 2014, Thermal Process Engineering: Liquid-liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction, see , accessed 12 May 2014. Colin Poole & Michael Cooke, 2000, Extraction, in Encyclopedia of Separation Science, 10 Vols., ISBN 9780122267703, accessed 12 May 2014.
For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the conjugate base is A − and the conjugate acid is the solvated hydrogen ion. In solution chemistry, it is usual to use H + as an abbreviation for the solvated hydrogen ion, regardless of the solvent. In aqueous solution H + denotes a solvated hydronium ion. [21] [22] [note 4]
In 11th Grade, ages of the students average at around 16–17. 11th Grade is when Palestinian students do their final tests for most of the subjects for their high school diploma. Many students consider it to be the hardest, and most stressful year. In most schools, they do the final test for every subject besides English, math, and Arabic.