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The table shows how the two systems rate high-brightness papers, but there is no simple way to convert between the two systems because the test methods are so different. [4] The ISO rating is higher and can be over 100. This is because contemporary white paper incorporates fluorescent whitening agents (FWA). Because the ISO standard only ...
Recycling of used paper before the industrialisation of paper production, rag paper was recycled to make low-grade board. A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. [2] He practiced together with German paper producer Johann Engelhard Schmid. Today this method is called deinking.
There are three main methods, typically referred to by their Italian terms, namely stacco a massello, involving detachment and removal of painting, render, and some or all of the mural support; stacco or detachment of the painting with render alone; and strappo, lit. "tearing", lifting of only the paint layer, attached to a facing with adhesive ...
The bromoil process is a variation on the oil print process that allows for enlargements. [2] In 1907, E. J. Wall described how it should theoretically be possible to place a negative in an enlarger to produce a larger silver bromide positive, which would then be bleached, hardened, and inked following the oil print process. [1]
Elemental chlorine free (ECF) is a technique that uses chlorine dioxide for the bleaching of wood pulp.It does not use elemental chlorine gas during the bleaching process and prevents the formation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, carcinogens.
Methods for increasing the sustainability of book and paper conservation work include the responsible sourcing of tools and repair materials (e.g. bamboo spatulas), [73] the use of less industrial chemical solvents and safer chemical alternatives, the use of fewer animal-sourced products (e.g. replacing gelatine glues with synthetic ethylene ...
The first is the exposure area, where the sandwich of the two sheets (the master and the diazo paper) passes in front of an ultraviolet lamp. Ultraviolet light penetrates the original and neutralizes the light-sensitive diazonium salt wherever there is no image on the master. These areas become the white areas on the copy.
Reverse graffiti [note 1] is a method of creating temporary or semi-permanent images on walls or other surfaces by removing dirt from a surface. It can also be done by simply removing dirt with the fingertip from windows or other dirty surfaces, such as writing "wash me" on a dirty vehicle.
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