Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Many oils (such as olive oil) and ethanol are examples of liquids that are more refractive, but less dense, than water, contrary to the general correlation between density and refractive index. For air, n - 1 is proportional to the density of the gas as long as the chemical composition does not change. [51]
Snell's law. Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n 2 > n 1. Since the velocity is lower in the second medium (v 2 < v 1), the angle of refraction θ 2 is less than the angle of incidence θ 1; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.
The Gladstone–Dale relation[1] is a mathematical relation used for optical analysis of liquids, the determination of composition from optical measurements. It can also be used to calculate the density of a liquid for use in fluid dynamics (e.g., flow visualization [2]). The relation has also been used to calculate refractive index of glass ...
It deviates in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. In optics, Cauchy's transmission equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who originally defined it in 1830 in his article "The refraction and ...
Fresnel equations. Partial transmission and reflection of a pulse travelling from a low to a high refractive index medium. At near-grazing incidence, media interfaces appear mirror-like especially due to reflection of the s polarization, despite being poor reflectors at normal incidence. Polarized sunglasses block the s polarization, greatly ...
The refractive index n of the gas can then be expressed in terms of the molar refractivity A as: n ≈ 1 + 3 A p R T {\displaystyle n\approx {\sqrt {1+{\frac {3Ap}{RT}}}}} where p is the pressure of the gas, R is the universal gas constant , and T is the (absolute) temperature, which together determine the number density N .
A complex refractive index can therefore be defined in terms of the complex angular wavenumber defined above: _ = _. where n is the refractive index of the medium. In other words, the wave is required to satisfy E ( z , t ) = Re [ E 0 e i ω ( n _ z / c − t ) ] . {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (z,t)=\operatorname {Re} \!\left[\mathbf {E} _{0}e^{i ...
Taking Laplace's formula for the refractive index as given, and using it to measure the refractive index of bees' wax in the liquid (transparent) state and the solid (opaque) state at various temperatures (hence various densities), Malus verified Laplace's relationship between refractive index and density. [93] [94]