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the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and mycorrhizal fungi, the fertilization of flowering plants by pollinators, the ways plants use fruits and edible seeds to encourage animal aid in seed dispersal, and. the way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae.
v. t. e. Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') [A] is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
This community consists of a system of interdependence between all members, both physically, and in terms of relationships with other species. Every organism is a "teleological centre of life", that is, each organism has a purpose and a reason for being, which is inherently "good" or "valuable". Humans are not inherently superior to other species.
Nature connectedness is the extent to which individuals include nature as part of their identity. [1] It includes an understanding of nature and everything it is made up of, even the parts that are not pleasing. [2] Characteristics of nature connectedness are similar to those of a personality trait: nature connectedness is stable over time and ...
In the Mesozoic, between 200 and 150 million years ago, insects' feeding patterns started to diversify. [7] The evolution of plant defenses to reduce cost and increase resistance to herbivores is a crucial component of the Optimal Defense Hypothesis. In order to deal with the plant's adaptability, the animal likewise evolved counter-adaptations ...
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. [ 1 ] This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other; amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; and parasitism ...
The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of competitive antagonism. In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), or of different species ...
The Center for Humans and Nature Press is the Center's independent publishing wing—exploring themes of human interconnection with nature and human responsibilities to the whole community of life. The Center for Humans and Nature Press print publications include the five-volume book series, Kinship: Belonging in a World Relations.