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Leaf anatomy in most C 4 plants. A: Mesophyll cell B: Chloroplast C: Vascular tissue D: Bundle sheath cell E: Stoma F: Vascular tissue 1. CO 2 is fixed to produce a four-carbon molecule (malate or aspartate). 2. The molecule exits the cell and enters the bundle sheath cells. 3. It is then broken down into CO 2 and pyruvate.
Maize (Zea mays, Poaceae) is the most widely cultivated C 4 plant.[1]In botany, C 4 carbon fixation is one of three known methods of photosynthesis used by plants. C 4 plants increase their photosynthetic efficiency by reducing or suppressing photorespiration, which mainly occurs under low atmospheric CO 2 concentration, high light, high temperature, drought, and salinity.
This is a list of minerals which have Wikipedia articles. Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species .
As of November 2024, the IMA - CNMNC List of Minerals lists 6,100 valid minerals, including 1,153 pre-IMA minerals (grandfathered), and 97 questionable minerals. [2] Also as of November 2024 [update] , the Mineralogical Society of America's Handbook of Mineralogy lists 5,663 species, [ 3 ] and the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/RRUFF ...
Carbon makes up only 0.08% of the combination of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Yet it is the twelfth most common element there. In the rock of the lithosphere, carbon commonly occurs as carbonate minerals containing calcium or magnesium. It is also found as fossil fuels in coal and petroleum and gas.
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter S.The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names; however, minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date.
The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists.There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type.
Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone , which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO 3 ), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ).