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The English word frankincense derives from the Old French expression franc encens, meaning 'true incense', maybe with the sense of 'high quality incense'. [4] [2] The adjective franc in Old French meant 'noble, true', in this case perhaps 'pure'; although franc is ultimately derived from the tribal name of the Franks, it is not a direct reference to them in the word francincense.
Onycha (/ ˈ ɒ n ɪ k ə /, Ancient Greek: ὄνυξ, romanized: ónux), along with equal parts of stacte, galbanum, and frankincense, was one of the components of the consecrated Ketoret (incense) which appears in the Torah book of Exodus (Ex.30:34-36) and was used in Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.
Myrrh was an ingredient of Ketoret: the consecrated incense used in the First and Second Temples at Jerusalem, as described in the Hebrew Bible and Talmud. An offering was made of the Ketoret on a special incense altar and was an important component of the temple service.
The best frankincense is grown in Oman and the incense is widely used in worship in India. [19] The ancient Egyptians prized frankincense for the resin they used to make the characteristic dark eyeliner and myrrh as an embalming agent for deceased pharaohs. [19] [20] At that time, myrrh was worth more than gold.
Boswellia papyrifera, also known as the Sudanese frankincense, [2] is a species of flowering plant and frankincense that is native to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan. The tree is cultivated in Ethiopia because of its valuable resin. The incense is characterized by a fresh lemon-pine scent [3] and is therefore highly esteemed.
Incense is composed of aromatic plant materials, often combined with essential oils. [4] The forms taken by incense differ with the underlying culture, and have changed with advances in technology and increasing number of uses. [5] Incense can generally be separated into two main types: "indirect-burning" and "direct-burning."
Boswellia is a genus of trees in the order Sapindales, known for its fragrant resin.The biblical incense frankincense is an extract from the resin of the tree Boswellia sacra, and is now produced also from B. frereana. [3]
The name "benzoin" is probably derived from Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "Javan frankincense"); compare the mid-eastern terms "gum benjamin" and "benjoin". H.J. Abrahams states that the use of benzoin in the Biblical incense is not inconceivable since Syro-Arabian tribes maintained extensive trade routes prior to Hellenism.
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