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Lithium is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. [5] It is distributed to the body with higher levels in the kidney, thyroid, and bone as compared to other tissues. Since lithium is almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys, people with preexisting chronic kidney disease are at high risk of developing lithium intoxication. [13]
Serious side effects include hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus, and lithium toxicity. [5] Blood level monitoring is recommended to decrease the risk of potential toxicity. [5] If levels become too high, diarrhea, vomiting, poor coordination, sleepiness, and ringing in the ears may occur. [5]
Severe symptoms are usually due to acute elevation of the plasma sodium concentration to above 157 mmol/L [10] (normal blood levels are generally about 135–145 mmol/L for adults and elderly). [10] Values above 180 mmol/L are associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in adults. [ 11 ]
Blood level > 1.1 mmol/L (2.6 mg/dL) [1] [3] Differential diagnosis: Kidney failure, high blood calcium, high blood potassium, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, lithium toxicity, red blood cell breakdown, rhabdomyolysis [4] Treatment: Calcium chloride, intravenous normal saline with furosemide, hemodialysis [1] Frequency: Uncommon [3]
[144] [145] Lithium reduces the risk of suicide, self-harm, and death in people with bipolar disorder. [146] Lithium is preferred for long-term mood stabilization. [68] Lithium treatment is also associated with adverse effects and it has been shown to erode kidney and thyroid function over extended periods. [17]
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Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [3]
Bedroom side effects. Anorgasmia (difficulty experiencing climax) is a noted side effect of Lexapro. In women, clinical trials of escitalopram for depression found that roughly two to six percent ...