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A river plume is a dynamical system influenced by processes with a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, which depend on the size and shape of the estuary as well as on the type and variation of the forcing from the estuary and the ocean.
An atmospheric river (AR) is a narrow corridor or filament of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere. Other names for this phenomenon are tropical plume, tropical connection, moisture plume, water vapor surge, and cloud band. [1] [2] Composite satellite photos of an atmospheric river connecting Asia to North America in October 2017
A river plume embedded into a ROFI reproduce a continuous process of transformation of freshwater discharge. Initially, river discharge enters the shelf sea from a river mouth and forms a sub-mesoscale (with spatial extents ~1-10 km) or mesoscale (with spatial extents ~10-100 km) water mass referred to as a river plume.
Plume shapes can be influenced by flow in the ambient fluid (for example, if local wind blowing in the same direction as the plume results in a co-flowing jet). This usually causes a plume which has initially been 'buoyancy-dominated' to become 'momentum-dominated' (this transition is usually predicted by a dimensionless number called the ...
Some varieties of flumes are used in measuring water flow of a larger channel. When used to measure the flow of water in open channels, a flume is defined as a specially shaped, fixed hydraulic structure that under free-flow conditions forces flow to accelerate in such a manner that the flow rate through the flume can be characterized by a level-to-flow relationship as applied to a single head ...
The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean. The plume is about 400 km (250 mi) long and between 100 and 200 km (62 and 124 mi) wide. The fresh water, being lighter, flows on top of the seawater, diluting the salinity and altering the colour of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km 2 (970,000 sq mi) in extent. For ...
The plume is initially laminar, but transition to turbulence occurs in the upper third of the image. The image was made by Gary Settles using a one-meter-diameter schlieren mirror. The general form for the Reynolds number flowing through a tube of radius r (or diameter d ):
Eruption plume, a column of volcanic ash and gas emitted into the atmosphere during an eruption; Mantle plume, an upwelling of hot rock within the Earth's mantle that can cause volcanic hotspots; Moisture plume, an alternative name for an atmospheric river, a narrow corridor of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere