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Moving from dependence upon total medical direction providing basic care into an independent practice modality, nursing has its own nursing theory practice, nursing models, and distinct nursing interventions. Nursing theories have been developed by a large number of leaders in the nursing field.
Nursing theorists are the men and women in the nursing field who develop models of nursing. Often, they don't set out to develop a nursing theory. Instead, they simply want to help improve nursing care for their patients, and the theory develops as a result.
Theories of Moral Development. Helping and Human Relations Theory. Nightingale’s Modern Nursing Theory. Leininger’s Culture Care Theory. Benner’s From Novice to Expert. 21 Nursing Problems by Faye Abdellah. Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring. Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing.
Nursing theory is “an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing”. The first nursing theories appeared in the late 1800s when a strong emphasis was placed on nursing education.
Jean Watson’s Contribution to Nursing Theory: Philosophy and Science of Caring. Jean Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring addresses how nurses express care to their patients. Caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a simple medical cure.
Watson believed that holistic health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. She defines nursing as “a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human transactions.”
The nursing process in Abdellah’s Twenty-One Nursing Problems theory is: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. In the assessment phase, nursing problems provide guidelines for the collection of data.
Considered the father of social psychology, Kurt Lewin developed the nursing model known as Change Theory. He theorized a three-stage model of change that is known as the “unfreezing-change-refreeze model” that requires prior learning to be rejected and replaced.
The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, also known as the Orem Model of Nursing, was developed by Dorothea Orem between 1959 and 2001. It is considered a grand nursing theory, which means the theory covers a broad scope with general concepts that can be applied to all instances of nursing.
The central philosophy of Neuman’s nursing theory consists of energy resources that are surrounded by three things: several lines of resistence, which represent the internal factors helping the patient fight against a stressor; the normal line of defense, which represents the patient’s equilibrium; and the flexible line of defense, which ...