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The Cultivation System (Dutch: cultuurstelsel) was a Dutch government policy from 1830–1870 for its Dutch East Indies colony (now Indonesia). Requiring a portion of agricultural production to be devoted to export crops, it is referred to by Indonesian historians as tanam paksa ("enforced planting").
The cultivation system exemplifies broader themes of colonialism such as exploitation, economic control, and cultural disruption. It highlights how colonial powers like the Dutch imposed their economic models on indigenous societies, prioritizing profit over local needs.
A whole new kind of agriculture was invented to produce sugar – the so-called Plantation System. In it, colonists planted large acreages of single crops which could be shipped long distances and sold at a profit in Europe.
Culture System, revenue system in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) that forced farmers to pay revenue to the treasury of the Netherlands in the form of export crops or compulsory labour. It was introduced in 1830 by Johannes van den Bosch, then governor-general of the Dutch East Indies.
This was the so-called Culture System, or Cultivation System (Cultuurstelsel). The Culture System provided that a village set aside a fifth of its cultivable land for the production of export crops. These crops were to be delivered to the government as land rent.
The cultivation system was founded by Governor-General Johannes van den Bosch around 1830. It imposed upon the Javanese population the obligation to grow and make deliveries of coffee, sugar cane, indigo, pepper, and other export products in exchange for crop payments.
Java, Cultivation System. After the Napoleonic Wars, Java and other posts in the East Indian archipelago were returned to the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1816. The Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) had governed these lands in the eighteenth century.
The Cultivation System is a particularly prominent example of colonial extraction. The island of Java was the main population centre of the vast Dutch colonial empire in the East Indies, and with a modern population of over 160 million, remains the economic and population centre of Indonesia today.
This article proposes to consider the Cultivation System and private enterprise not as mutually exclusive, but as complementary in making the cane sugar industry of Java the second largest in the world after that of Cuba.
The Cultivation System (Cultuurstelsel), in force from the early 1830s through the 1870s, compelled Javanese villagers to produce export crops for the Dutch colonial government.