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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes

3. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

   In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that exchanges chloride (the Cl – ion of the NaCl) for carbonate (CO − 3), bicarbonate (H C O − 3) and sulfate (SO 2− 4). As ...

4. Ion-exchange resin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin

   Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.

5. Hexion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexion

   Hexion Inc. or Hexion (previously Momentive Specialty Chemicals) [2] is a chemical company based in Columbus, Ohio.It produces thermoset resins and related technologies and specialty products.

6. Ty-D-Bol - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty-D-Bol

   Other variants, such as a solid tablet in a water-soluble wrapper, to be placed in the toilet's water tank, were introduced later. [3] In 1960, O’Hare sold Ty-D-Bol Chemical to its other executives for less than $100,000; independently he pursued an assortment of inventions - various detergents, a swimming pool chlorinator, a water softener. [4]

7. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Water softeners are usually regenerated with brine containing 10% sodium chloride. [7] Aside from the soluble chloride salts of divalent cations removed from the softened water, softener regeneration wastewater contains the unused 50–70% of the sodium chloride regeneration flushing brine required to reverse ion-exchange resin equilibria.