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The preterite and past participle forms of irregular verbs follow certain patterns. These include ending in -t (e.g. build, bend, send), stem changes (whether it is a vowel, such as in sit, win or hold, or a consonant, such as in teach and seek, that changes), or adding the [n] suffix to the past participle form (e.g. drive, show, rise ...
Differences between the past tense and past participle (as in sing–sang–sung, rise–rose–risen) generally appear in the case of verbs that continue the strong conjugation, or in a few cases weak verbs that have acquired strong-type forms by analogy – as with show (regular past tense showed, strong-type past participle shown).
Some of these have different past tense and past participle forms (like sing–sang–sung); others have the same form for both (like make–made–made). In some cases the past tense is regular but the past participle is not, as with show–showed–shown. For uses of the past participle, see § Non-finite forms below.
The present participle/gerund is formed by adding -ing, again with the application of certain spelling rules similar to those that apply with -ed. The irregular verbs of English are described and listed in the article English irregular verbs (for a more extensive list, see List of English irregular verbs). In the case of these:
List of English simple past and past participle verb forms, MyEnglishTeacher.net, Advanced Learning Center, 2001. Ernest De Witt Burton. "The adverbial participle", in Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of New Testament Greek, 1906, p. 169.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Past_participles&oldid=16253313"This page was last edited on 12 December 2003, at 22:53 (UTC). (UTC).
stative participle Perfect active participle Perfect passive participle could have: The guest could have been a bore. The guest could have been boring us . The guest could have been bored. might have: The dog might have been a surprise. The dog might have been surprising everyone . The dog might have been surprised. should have: Our bid should ...
English past participles have both active and passive uses. In a passive use, an object or preposition complement becomes zero, the gap being understood to be filled by the noun phrase the participle modifies (compare similar uses of the to-infinitive above). Uses of past participles and participial phrases introduced by them are as follows: