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Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH −. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond , and carries a negative electric charge . It is an important but usually minor constituent of water .
In chemistry and biochemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation = + ([] []) relates the pH of a chemical solution of a weak acid to the numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, K a, of acid and the ratio of the concentrations, [] [] of the acid and its conjugate base in an equilibrium.
These calculations find application in many different areas of chemistry, biology, medicine, and geology. For example, many compounds used for medication are weak acids or bases, and a knowledge of the p K a values, together with the octanol-water partition coefficient , can be used for estimating the extent to which the compound enters the ...
Where HV is the hydroxyl value; V B is the amount (ml) potassium hydroxide solution required for the titration of the blank; V acet is the amount (ml) of potassium hydroxide solution required for the titration of the acetylated sample; W acet is the weight of the sample (in grams) used for acetylation; N is the normality of the titrant; 56.1 is ...
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry , alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups.
There are three common types of chemical reaction where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution: In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydroxide ions (OH −) in a solution. Here, 1 / f eq is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more ...
H 3 O + + OH − → 2 H 2 O. is among the fastest chemical reactions known, with a reaction rate constant of 1.3 × 10 11 M −1 s −1 at room temperature. Such a rapid rate is characteristic of a diffusion-controlled reaction, in which the rate is limited by the speed of molecular diffusion. [16]
In the absence of chemisorbed or physisorbed species particle surfaces in aqueous suspension are generally assumed to be covered with surface hydroxyl species, M-OH (where M is a metal such as Al, Si, etc.). [15] At pH values above the IEP, the predominant surface species is M-O −, while at pH values below the IEP, M-OH 2 + species
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