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Sturm–Liouville theory is a theory of a special type of second-order linear ordinary differential equation. Their solutions are based on eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of linear operators defined via second-order homogeneous linear equations .
The order of the differential equation is the highest order of derivative of the unknown function that appears in the differential equation. For example, an equation containing only first-order derivatives is a first-order differential equation, an equation containing the second-order derivative is a second-order differential equation, and so on.
Order Equation Application Reference Abel's differential equation of the first kind: 1 = + + + Class of differential equation which may be solved implicitly [1] Abel's differential equation of the second kind: 1
For example, the second-order equation y′′ = −y can be rewritten as two first-order equations: y′ = z and z′ = −y. In this section, we describe numerical methods for IVPs, and remark that boundary value problems (BVPs) require a different set of tools. In a BVP, one defines values, or components of the solution y at more than one ...
Reduction of order (or d’Alembert reduction) is a technique in mathematics for solving second-order linear ordinary differential equations. It is employed when one solution y 1 ( x ) {\displaystyle y_{1}(x)} is known and a second linearly independent solution y 2 ( x ) {\displaystyle y_{2}(x)} is desired.
In the calculus of variations and classical mechanics, the Euler–Lagrange equations [1] are a system of second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are stationary points of the given action functional. The equations were discovered in the 1750s by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and Italian mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
The simplest example of a second-order linear elliptic PDE is the Laplace equation, in which a i,j is zero if i ≠ j and is one otherwise, and where b i = c = f = 0. The Poisson equation is a slightly more general second-order linear elliptic PDE, in which f is not required to vanish.
Name Dim Equation Applications Landau–Lifshitz model: 1+n = + Magnetic field in solids Lin–Tsien equation: 1+2 + = Liouville equation: any + = Liouville–Bratu–Gelfand equation
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