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The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades (Oxford UP, 1986). Larson, Atria, and Keith Sisson, eds. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution (Brill, 2016) online; Moorhead, John. The Popes and the Church of Rome in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 2015) Noble, Thomas F.X. "The Papacy in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries".
Saint Peter, the first Pope, with the Keys of Heaven.By Francesco del Cossa, currently at the Pinacoteca di Brera.. Papacy in early Christianity was the period in papal history between 30 AD, when according to Catholic doctrine, Saint Peter effectively assumed his pastoral role as the Visible Head of the Church, until the pontificate of Miltiades, in 313, when Peace in the Church began.
According to numerous records of the early Church Fathers, Peter was present in Rome, was martyred there, and was the first bishop of Rome. Dogma and traditions of the Catholic Church maintain that he served as the bishop of Rome for 25 years until 67 AD when he was martyred by Nero [7] (further information: Great Fire of Rome).
[8] In 1139, Innocent II organized the second Lateran Council, asserting the Papacy's aspiration for global authority and its claim over the imperial crown. [1] The Council proclaimed: "Rome is at the head of the world", [9] reinforcing the developing theocratic doctrine that subordinated secular affairs to spiritual authority. [10]
ISBN 978-1-933275-04-8. Congar, Yves (1959). After nine hundred years: the background of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-585-23800-5. Denny, Edward (1912). Papalism A treatise on the claims of the papacy as set forth in the encyclical Satis Cognitum. London: Rivingtons.
The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, consecrated in 547, combines Western and Byzantine elements.. The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the Roman Papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperor for their episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants ...
Nos. 12-3176, 12-3644 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT CHRISTOPHER HEDGES, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. BARACK OBAMA, individually and as
The meeting of Attila (left with barbarian troops) with Pope Leo I (right), the most notable pope of late antiquity. By Raphael, 1514. The Papacy in late antiquity was a period in papal history between 313, when the Peace in the Church began, and the pontificate of Simplicius in 476, when the Roman Empire of the West fell.