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The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades (Oxford UP, 1986). Larson, Atria, and Keith Sisson, eds. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution (Brill, 2016) online; Moorhead, John. The Popes and the Church of Rome in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 2015) Noble, Thomas F.X. "The Papacy in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries".
According to numerous records of the early Church Fathers, Peter was present in Rome, was martyred there, and was the first bishop of Rome. Dogma and traditions of the Catholic Church maintain that he served as the bishop of Rome for 25 years until 67 AD when he was martyred by Nero [7] (further information: Great Fire of Rome).
The meeting of Attila (left with barbarian troops) with Pope Leo I (right), the most notable pope of late antiquity. By Raphael, 1514. The Papacy in late antiquity was a period in papal history between 313, when the Peace in the Church began, and the pontificate of Simplicius in 476, when the Roman Empire of the West fell.
[8] In 1139, Innocent II organized the second Lateran Council, asserting the Papacy's aspiration for global authority and its claim over the imperial crown. [1] The Council proclaimed: "Rome is at the head of the world", [9] reinforcing the developing theocratic doctrine that subordinated secular affairs to spiritual authority. [10]
During his papacy, Pope Innocent issued a papal bull on witchcraft named Summis desiderantes affectibus. In March 1489, Cem, the captive brother of Bayezid II, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, came into Innocent's custody. Viewing his brother as a rival, the Sultan paid Pope Innocent not to set him free.
Saint Peter, the first Pope, with the Keys of Heaven.By Francesco del Cossa, currently at the Pinacoteca di Brera.. Papacy in early Christianity was the period in papal history between 30 AD, when according to Catholic doctrine, Saint Peter effectively assumed his pastoral role as the Visible Head of the Church, until the pontificate of Miltiades, in 313, when Peace in the Church began.
The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in human history. [8] In ancient times, the popes helped spread Christianity and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes. [9]
Pius VIII's pontificate was the shortest of the 19th century, and is likely the least remembered. His brief papacy witnessed the Catholic Emancipation in the United Kingdom in 1829, which he welcomed, and the July Revolution in France in 1830, which he reluctantly accepted. [1]