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Biodegradable polymers tend to consist of ester, amide, or ether bonds. In general, biodegradable polymers can be grouped into two large groups based on their structure and synthesis. One of these groups is agro-polymers, or those derived from biomass. [1]
The first known use of biodegradable in a biological context was in 1959 when it was employed to describe the breakdown of material into innocuous components by microorganisms. [57] Now biodegradable is commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are part of the earth's innate cycles like the carbon cycle and capable of ...
An ester of a carboxylic acid.R stands for any group (typically hydrogen or organyl) and R ′ stands for any organyl group.. In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R ′). [1]
Fatty acid methyl ester synthesis [7] Lipids (triglycerides) themselves can be used as solvents, but are mostly hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol (glycerin). Fatty acids can be esterified with an alcohol to give fatty acid esters , e.g., FAMEs ( fatty acid methyl esters ) if the esterification is performed with methanol .
Biodegradable additives may be added to polymers to accelerate their degradation. In the case of photo-oxidation OXO-biodegradation additives are used. [ 46 ] These are transition metal salts such as iron (Fe) , manganese (Mn) , and cobalt (Co) .
The biodegradable polymers used in biomedical applications typically consist of hydrolyzable esters and hydrazones. These molecules, upon external stimulation, go on to be cleaved and broken down. The cleaving activation process can be achieved through use of an acidic environment, increasing the temperature, or by use of enzymes. [ 82 ]
The anhydroglucose unit is the fundamental repeating structure of cellulose and has three hydroxyl groups which can react to form acetate esters. The most common form of cellulose acetate fiber has an acetate group on approximately two of every three hydroxyls. This cellulose diacetate is known as secondary acetate, or simply as "acetate".
Synthesis of Polyglycerol esters. Biodegradable, water-soluble and non-flammable polycarbonate homopolymers are formed when glycerol-1,2-carbonate is heated to 140 °C in the presence of zinc sulfate, Synthesis from Polyglycerincarbonates
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