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Biphenyl (also known as diphenyl, phenylbenzene, 1,1′-biphenyl, lemonene [4] or BP) is an organic compound that forms colorless crystals. Particularly in older literature, compounds containing the functional group consisting of biphenyl less one hydrogen (the site at which it is attached) may use the prefixes xenyl or diphenylyl .
Also known as diphenylbenzenes or triphenyls, they consist of a central benzene ring substituted with two phenyl groups. There are three substitution patterns: ortho-terphenyl, meta-terphenyl, and para-terphenyl. Commercial grade terphenyl is generally a mixture of the three isomers.
This group typically excludes compounds in which either benzene is fused to another ring (bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic) [1] or includes a heteroatom, or where the methane connects to three or four benzenes. Ball-and-stick model of the benzhydryl radical. The benzhydryl radical can be abbreviated Ph 2 CH• or Bzh. [2]
The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [ 73 ] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst.
The Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde (−CH=O) or ketone (>C=O) reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. Overall, the carbonyl group (C=O) is oxidized, and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced.
By the 1930s, focus had shifted to experimenting with the reactivity of meta-terphenyl and its potential use as a ligand. The first verified modified version of meta-terphenyl was created in 1932 by Arthur Wardner and Alexander Lowy and led to the creation of nitro-substituted meta-terphenyls as well as amino-meta-terphenyls from the oxidation of the nitro-substituted compounds. [9]
Phase I reactions occur by adding an oxygen to either of the benzene rings by Cytochrome P450. [49] The type of P450 present also determines where the oxygen will be added; phenobarbital (PB)-induced P450s catalyze oxygenation to the meta-para positions of PCBs while 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-induced P450s add oxygens to the ortho – meta ...
Treatment of this hydrazine with mineral acids induces a rearrangement reaction to 4,4'-benzidine. Smaller amounts of other isomers are also formed. [3] The benzidine rearrangement, which proceeds intramolecularly, is a classic mechanistic puzzle in organic chemistry. [4] The conversion is described as a [5,5]sigmatropic reaction. [5] [6]