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  2. Multinomial theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_theorem

    The sum is taken over all combinations of nonnegative integer indices k 1 through k m such that the sum of all k i is n. That is, for each term in the expansion, the exponents of the x i must add up to n. [1] [a] In the case m = 2, this statement reduces to that of the binomial theorem. [1]

  3. Summation by parts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_by_parts

    In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation , named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.

  4. Series (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(mathematics)

    For instance, rearranging the terms of the alternating harmonic series so that each positive term of the original series is followed by two negative terms of the original series rather than just one yields [34] + + + = + + + = + + + = (+ + +), which is times the original series, so it would have a sum of half of the natural logarithm of 2. By ...

  5. Summation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation

    In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total. Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions , vectors , matrices , polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.

  6. Polynomial expansion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_expansion

    In mathematics, an expansion of a product of sums expresses it as a sum of products by using the fact that multiplication distributes over addition. Expansion of a polynomial expression can be obtained by repeatedly replacing subexpressions that multiply two other subexpressions, at least one of which is an addition, by the equivalent sum of products, continuing until the expression becomes a ...

  7. Einstein notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_notation

    In mathematics, especially the usage of linear algebra in mathematical physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving brevity.

  8. Divisor sum identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor_sum_identities

    Well-known inversion relations that allow the function () to be expressed in terms of () are provided by the Möbius inversion formula. Naturally, some of the most interesting examples of such identities result when considering the average order summatory functions over an arithmetic function f ( n ) {\displaystyle f(n)} defined as a divisor ...

  9. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    In fact, x ≡ b m n −1 m + a n m −1 n (mod mn) where m n −1 is the inverse of m modulo n and n m −1 is the inverse of n modulo m. Lagrange's theorem: If p is prime and f (x) = a 0 x d + ... + a d is a polynomial with integer coefficients such that p is not a divisor of a 0, then the congruence f (x) ≡ 0 (mod p) has at most d non ...