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Electroless nickel-boron coating (often called NiB coating) is a metal plating process that can create a layer of a nickel-boron alloy on the surface of a solid substrate, like metal or plastic. The process involves dipping the substrate in a water solution containing nickel salt and a boron-containing reducing agent , such as an ...
Electroless deposition is an important process in the electronic industry for metallization of substrates. Other metallization of substrates also include physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and electroplating which produce thin metal films but require high temperature, vacuum, and a power source respectively. [20]
Molecular model of sodium hypophosphite, the usual reducing agent in electroless nickel-phosphorus plating. The main ingredients of an electroless nickel plating bath are source of nickel cations Ni 2+, usually nickel sulfate and a suitable reducing agent, such as hypophosphite H 2 PO − 2 or borohydride BH − 4. [1]
TiCl 3 is produced usually by reduction of titanium(IV) chloride.Older reduction methods used hydrogen: [4]. 2 TiCl 4 + H 2 → 2 HCl + 2 TiCl 3. It can also be produced by the reaction of titanium metal and hot, concentrated hydrochloric acid; the reaction does not proceed at room temperature, as titanium is passivated against most mineral acids by a thin surface layer of titanium dioxide.
Titanium(II) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula TiCl 2. The black solid has been studied only moderately, probably because of its high reactivity. [ 2 ] Ti(II) is a strong reducing agent: it has a high affinity for oxygen and reacts irreversibly with water to produce H 2 .
The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry, [1] but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also numerous. [2] Commonly, titanium adopts an octahedral coordination geometry in its complexes, [3] [4] but tetrahedral TiCl 4 is a notable exception. Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree of ...
Nickel chloride NiCl 2 is yellow, crystallising in the cadmium chloride structure. It can form a hexahydrate, NiCl 2 ·6H 2 O, a tetrahydrate NiCl 2 ·4H 2 O over 29 °C and a dihydrate, NiCl 2 ·2H 2 O over 64 °C. [3] Ammine complexes like hexaamminenickel chloride also exist. Nickel bromide NiBr 2 is yellow, also crystallising in
One structure is the "interpenetrating primitive cubic" structure, also called a "caesium chloride" or B2 structure. This structure is often confused for a body-centered cubic structure because the arrangement of atoms is the same. However, the caesium chloride structure has a basis composed of two different atomic species.
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