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In the human host, Loa loa larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue, where they mature to adult worms in approximately one year, but sometimes up to four years. Adult worms migrate in the subcutaneous tissues at a speed less than 1 cm/min, mating and producing more microfilariae. The adult worms can live up to 17 years in the human host. [5]
The most visual sign of an adult worm infections is when the worm crosses the sclera of the eye, which causes significant pain to the host and is usually associated with inflammation and less likely, blindness. Eye worms typically cause little eye damage and last a few hours to a week. [10]
Thelazia is a genus of nematode worms which parasitize the eyes and associated tissues of various bird and mammal hosts, including humans. [2] [3] They are often called "eyeworms", and infestation with Thelazia species is referred to as "thelaziasis" (occasionally spelled "thelaziosis").
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Thelaziasis is the term for infestation with parasitic nematodes of the genus Thelazia.The adults of all Thelazia species discovered so far inhabit the eyes and associated tissues (such as eyelids, tear ducts, etc.) of various mammal and bird hosts, including humans. [2]
In some cases, the only symptom is the worm obscuring the host's vision as a "floater". [13] Diagnosis is made by finding the adult worms in the eye or surrounding tissues. Human cases are treated by simply removing the worms. In canines, topical imidacloprid with moxidectin, [14] or milbemycin oxime (Interceptor) [15] have been recommended.
The recommended treatment for people outside the United States is albendazole combined with ivermectin. [13] [14] A combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole is also effective. [13] [15] Side effects of the drugs include nausea, vomiting, and headaches. [16] All of these treatments are microfilaricides; they have no effect on the adult ...
This occurs when adult worms of M. perstans invade the conjunctiva or periorbital connective tissues in the eye. This condition was first attributed to M. perstans in Uganda, when six patients presented with nodules in the conjunctiva. [6] The adult worms were identified as adult female M. perstans in five of these six cases.
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