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In bone, mineralization starts from a heterogeneous solution having calcium and phosphate ions. The mineral nucleates, inside the hole area of the collagen fibrils, as thin layers of calcium phosphate, which then grow to occupy the maximum space available there. The mechanisms of mineral deposition within the organic portion of the bone are ...
Bone is broken down by osteoclasts, and rebuilt by osteoblasts, both of which communicate through cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling. Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. [1]
The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase (H 2 O + CO 2 → HCO 3 − + H +) through the ruffled border into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into Ca 2+, H 3 PO 4, H 2 CO 3, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been ...
One of the principal causes of arterial stiffening with age is vascular calcification. Vascular calcification is the deposition of mineral in the form of calcium phosphate salts in the smooth muscle-rich medial layer of large arteries including the aorta. DNA damage, especially oxidative DNA damage, causes accelerated vascular calcification. [11]
Mineralization may refer to: Biomineralization (mineralization in biology), when an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix Mineralized tissues are tissues that have undergone mineralization, including bones, teeth, antlers, and marine shells Bone remodeling, involving demineralization and remineralization in bones
Bone tissue is a dynamic system with active metabolism. [24] Bone tissue remodelling or bone remodeling is a successive chain of old bone matrix removal and its replacement with a new one. [25] These processes make a child’s skeleton grow and extend, while childhood is characterized by bone tissue growth rather than its resorption.
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During bone formation, an osteoblast is left behind and buried in the bone matrix as an "osteoid osteocyte", which maintains contact with other osteoblasts through extended cellular processes. [9] Although recently it was shown that vascular smooth muscle cells drive osteocyte differentiation [ 10 ] , most aspects of osteocytogenesis remain ...