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For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking. Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a result of long-term stress. Therefore, creep is a "time-dependent" deformation.
F.R. Larson and J. Miller proposed that creep rate could adequately be described by the Arrhenius type equation: = / Where r is the creep process rate, A is a constant, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and is the activation energy for the creep process.
Creep is dependent on time so the curve that the machine generates is a time vs. strain graph. The slope of a creep curve is the creep rate dε/dt [citation needed] The trend of the curve is an upward slope. The graphs are important to learn the trends of the alloys or materials used and by the production of the creep-time graph, it is easier ...
The initial stress is due to the elastic response of the material. Then, the stress relaxes over time due to the viscous effects in the material. Typically, either a tensile, compressive, bulk compression, or shear strain is applied. The resulting stress vs. time data can be fitted with a number of equations, called models.
L. M. Kachanov [5] and Y. N. Rabotnov [6] suggested the following evolution equations for the creep strain ε and a lumped damage state variable ω: ˙ = ˙ ˙ = ˙ where ˙ is the creep strain rate, ˙ is the creep-rate multiplier, is the applied stress, is the creep stress exponent of the material of interest, ˙ is the rate of damage accumulation, ˙ is the damage-rate multiplier, and is ...
The Voigt model predicts creep more realistically than the Maxwell model, because in the infinite time limit the strain approaches a constant: =, while a Maxwell model predicts a linear relationship between strain and time, which is most often not the case.
The classical creep curve represents the evolution of strain as a function of time in a material subjected to uniaxial stress at a constant temperature. The creep test, for instance, is performed by applying a constant force/stress and analyzing the strain response of the system.
The best approach to computer creep analysis of sensitive structures is to convert the creep law to an incremental elastic stress–strain relation with an eigenstrain. Eq. Eq. (1) can be used but in that form the variations of humidity and temperature with time cannot be introduced and the need to store the entire stress history for each ...
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