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Hegel's friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer (1766–1848) financially supported Hegel and used his political influence to help him obtain multiple positions. In Bamberg, as editor of the Bamberger Zeitung , which was a pro-French newspaper, Hegel extolled the virtues of Napoleon and often editorialized the Prussian accounts of the war. [37]
Unlike bacteria, viruses were less understood at the time and Pasteur could not observe them in his microscope. However, he understood the virus was attacking the nervous system. After a few failed attempts at attenuating the virus, he extracted spinal fluid from rabbits with rabies and left the flasks open to air out and dry. This method ...
An outbreak of cholera in Chicago in 1854 took the lives of 5.5% of the population (about 3,500 people). [15] [32] In 1853–54, London's epidemic claimed 10,738 lives. Throughout Spain, cholera caused more than 236,000 deaths in 1854–55. [33] In 1854, it entered Venezuela; Brazil also suffered in 1855. [25]
Richard Pearson Strong (1872–1948) was a tropical medicine professor at Harvard who did significant work on plague, cholera, bacillary dysentery and other diseases. He was the first professor of tropical medicine at Harvard, where he critically infected 24 unknowing victims with cholera, causing 13 of their deaths.
Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 in the first three pandemics of the nineteenth century, are estimated to have exceeded 15 million people. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917, during the next three pandemics. Cholera deaths in the Russian Empire during a similar time period exceeded 2 million. [5]
The first cholera vaccines were developed in the late 19th century. There were several pioneers in the development of the vaccine: The first known attempt at a cholera vaccine was made by Louis Pasteur and it was aimed at preventing cholera in chickens. [29] This was the first widely used vaccine that was made in a laboratory. [16]
Cholera caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century, [2] and as such, researchers consider it a defining epidemic disease of the century. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted through warm fecal ...
Pfeiffer was a pioneer in typhoid vaccination. He discovered the specific bacteria-dissolving immune bodies in cholera and typhus. The British pathologist Almroth Wright is generally credited with the initiation of typhoid vaccination in 1896. His claims of priority were challenged as early as 1907 in favour of Richard Pfeiffer.