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Common notations for potential energy are PE, U, V, and Ep. Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object's position relative to other objects. [ 6 ] Potential energy is often associated with restoring forces such as a spring or the force of gravity. The action of stretching a spring or lifting a mass is performed by an external force ...
Gravitational energy or gravitational potential energy is the potential energy a massive object has due to its position in a gravitational field. It is the mechanical work done by the gravitational force to bring the mass from a chosen reference point (often an "infinite distance" from the mass generating the field) to some other point in the ...
The electric potential energy of a system of point charges is defined as the work required to assemble this system of charges by bringing them close together, as in the system from an infinite distance. Alternatively, the electric potential energy of any given charge or system of charges is termed as the total work done by an external agent in ...
The product of the mass of a body into the square of its velocity may properly be termed its energy. [4] Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term " potential energy." It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical ...
Another class of machine-learned interatomic potential is the Gaussian approximation potential (GAP), [87] [88] [89] which combines compact descriptors of local atomic environments [90] with Gaussian process regression [91] to machine learn the potential energy surface of a given system.
The gravitational potential (V) at a location is the gravitational potential energy(U) at that location per unit mass: V=Um,{\displaystyle V={\frac {U}{m}},} where mis the mass of the object. Potential energy is equal (in magnitude, but negative) to the work done by the gravitational field moving a body to its given position in space from infinity.
hide. In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero momentum.
Pair potentials are very common in physics and computational chemistry and biology; exceptions are very rare. An example of a potential energy function that is not a pair potential is the three-body Axilrod-Teller potential. Another example is the Stillinger-Weber potential for silicon, which includes the angle in a triangle of silicon atoms as ...