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Physical paradox. The tea leaf paradox is the phenomenon by which tea leaves in a cup of tea migrate to the center and bottom of the cup after being stirred, rather than being forced to the edges as would be expected in a spiral centrifuge. A physical paradox is an apparent contradiction in physical descriptions of the universe.
The term "scientific law" is traditionally associated with the natural sciences, though the social sciences also contain laws. [11] For example, Zipf's law is a law in the social sciences which is based on mathematical statistics. In these cases, laws may describe general trends or expected behaviors rather than being absolutes.
It is a proposition that is unconditionally false (i.e., a self-contradictory proposition). [2][3]This can be generalized to a collection of propositions, which is then said to "contain" a contradiction. History. [edit] By creation of a paradox, Plato's Euthydemusdialogue demonstrates the need for the notion of contradiction.
Mathematical induction can be informally illustrated by reference to the sequential effect of falling dominoes. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement is true for every natural number , that is, that the infinitely many cases all hold. This is done by first proving a simple case, then also showing that if we ...
The Pythagorean theorem has at least 370 known proofs. [1]In mathematics and formal logic, a theorem is a statement that has been proven, or can be proven. [a] [2] [3] The proof of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms and previously proved theorems.
Identity of indiscernibles. The identity of indiscernibles is an ontological principle that states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all their properties in common. That is, entities x and y are identical if every predicate possessed by x is also possessed by y and vice versa. It states that no two distinct things ...
Avogadro's Law. Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. [ 1 ] The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that ...
Falsifiability (or refutability) is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934). [B] A theory or hypothesis is falsifiable if it can be logically contradicted by an empirical test.