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Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of total homocysteine (that is, including homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine disulfide) in the blood, conventionally described as above 15 μmol/L. [ 1 ] As a consequence of the biochemical reactions in which homocysteine is involved, deficiencies of ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. [ 4 ] It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. [ 9 ][ 10 ] Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. [ 3 ]
Reactive airway disease (RAD) is an informal label that physicians apply to patients with symptoms similar to those of asthma. [ 1 ] An exact definition of the condition does not exist. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Individuals who are typically labeled as having RAD generally have a history of wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and production of sputum that may or may ...
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. [ 1 ] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. [ 2 ] PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs ...
The pathogenesis of ACO is poorly understood, but it is thought to involve both type 2 inflammation (usually seen in asthma) as well as type 1 inflammation (seen in COPD). The incidence and prevalence of ACO are not well known. The risk factors for ACO are also incompletely understood, but tobacco smoke is known to be a major risk factor.
Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction. Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing (obstruction) of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself. It is generally characterized by inflamed and easily ...
Medication challenge tests, such as the methacholine challenge test, have a lower sensitivity for detection of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes and are also not a recommended first-line approach in the evaluation of exercise-induced asthma. [13] Mannitol inhalation [14] [15] has been recently approved for use in the United States.