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In 2005, Marks was part of a team of experts who developed 50 key questions for the European Social Survey to measure subjective wellbeing. A 2005 report Spoiled Ballot, [ 17 ] written by Marks et al., formed the basis for the successful Voter Power Index , [ 18 ] which lets people see how much their vote actually counts.
However, complete mental health is a combination of high emotional well-being, high psychological well-being, and high social well-being, along with low mental illness. [ 128 ] Although health is part of well-being, some people are able to maintain satisfactory wellbeing despite the presence of psychological symptoms.
Psychological well-being can also be affected negatively, as is the case with a degrading and unrewarding work environment, unfulfilling obligations and unsatisfying relationships. Social interaction has a strong effect on well-being as negative social outcomes are more strongly related to well-being than are positive social outcomes. [9]
The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, [1] life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health.
According to Boniwell, well-being is related to optimism, extraversion, social connections (i.e., close friendships), being married, having engaging work, religion or spirituality, leisure, good sleep and exercise, social class (through lifestyle differences and better coping methods), and subjective health (what you think about your health). [120]
A meta-analysis of U.S.- and UK-based studies on the impact of ageism found associations with poorer mental health, well-being, physical and cognitive functioning, and survival chances. Research also finds that exposure to ageist stereotypes reduces memory performance, self-efficacy, and willingness to live and increases cardiovascular reactivity.
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However, there is currently insufficient evidence to support education as a social determinants intervention with a cost-benefit analysis. [93] Social Protection: Interventions such as "health-related cash transfers", maternal education, and nutrition-based social protections have been shown to have a positive impact on health outcomes.